Sterile aqueous choline salt compositions

ABSTRACT

Disclosed are sterile aqueous choline salt compositions, their preparation, and methods of use. Also disclosed are methods to treat choline deficiency, intestinal failure associated liver disease (IFALD), and fatty liver disease. Additionally disclosed is a method of synthesis of choline salts.

BACKGROUND Technical Field

The disclosure herein relates to sterile aqueous choline saltcompositions, their preparation, and methods of use, particularly in thecontext of treating conditions associated with choline deficiency.

Description of the Related Art

Choline is an essential nutrient and common component of a normal diet,typically ingested in the form of phosphatidylcholine found in eggs,meat, nuts, and vegetables (Buchman, Gastroent., 2009, 137:S119-S128).The structure of choline comprises a quaternary amine, which acts as amethyl donor in many metabolic reactions, similar to B-vitamins andfolate. Choline is necessary for cell membrane structure (e.g.,phospholipids), triglyceride transport via very-low-density lipoprotein(VLDL) synthesis, cholesterol transport in bile, intracellularmessaging, brain development and function (e.g., acetylcholine). Cholineis essential for cell health and survival: hepatocytes die fromapoptosis in choline-deprived medium; increased DNA damage and apoptosishas been observed in lymphocytes in choline-deficient vs normal humans,consistent with increased liver cancer rates in rodents after long-termcholine depletion (Shin et al., J. Cell. Biochem., 1997; 64:196-208; andda Costa et al., Am. J Clin. Nutr., 2006; 84:88-94).

95% of choline in the body is in the form of phosphatidylcholine (PC).PC is the primary lipid of the VLDL particle surface monolayer and themembranes of key secretory bodies (e.g., ER, glolgi, cell membrane). LowPC levels inhibit VLDL packaging and secretion (Vance, J. E., and Vance,D. E., 1985, Can. J. Biochem. Cell Biol., 263, 12, 5898-5909). Exogenouscholine is required to maintain adequate PC stores. Multiple PCsynthesis pathways exist but only the de novo pathway adequatelyreplenishes PC (Boyer, 2013, Compr. Physiol., 3:3). The de novo pathwayto PC is CDP-Choline which requires plasma free choline as the rootsubstrate and is ubiquitous in mammalian tissues (Vance, D. E., 2002, inBiochemistry of Lipids, Lipoproteins, and Membranes (Vance, D. E., andVance, J. E., eds) pp. 205-232). In addition to the CDP-choline pathwayfor PC synthesis, the liver has a unique phosphatidylethanolaminemethyltransferase (PEMT) activity which provides an alternative pathwayfor PC synthesis (Noga and Vance D. E., 2003, J. Biol. Chem., 278, 24,21851-21859). However, PEMT itself is partly reliant on choline asbetaine (a metabolite of choline) (Sunden, S., Renduchintala, M., Park,E., Miklasz, S., & Garrow, T., 1997) Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 345,171-174). Other choline and PC salvage and re-synthesis pathways exist,but can only re-circulate rather than create de novo PC (Boyer, 2013,Compr. Physiol., 3:3).

Choline deficiency resulting in diminished levels of phosphatidylcholineadversely affects multiple hepatobiliary functions and can lead tosteatosis, cholestasis, and/or hepatic cell death. Steatosis, or fattyliver, is a broad term that describes the buildup of fats in the liver.Cholestasis is a liver disease that occurs when the flow of bile fromthe liver is reduced or blocked. When bile flow is altered, it can leadto a buildup of bilirubin. PC comprises approximately 40% of bile'sorganic matter (Schmitz M G J, Renooij W., Gastroent., 1990,99:1292-1296). Insufficient PC in bile decreases vesicle/mixed micelleformation with cholesterol, increasing free bile salts (Barrios andLichtenberger, 2000, Gastroent., 118:1179-1186). Free bile salts exertdetergent activity on cholangiocytes, restricting bile flow (De Vree, etal., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1998, 95:282-287). Additionally,choline is an important source for intracellular signaling intermediates(Albright, et al., (2005) Cell. Physiol. Biochem., 15(1-4):59-68).Choline deficiency induces fragmentation of DNA in hepatocytes inculture (Albright, et al., 1996, FASEBJ, 10, 510-516). Further,hepatocytes die via apoptosis in choline deficient media.

Choline deficiency results in liver injury in animals and healthyadults. An experimental choline deficient diet caused rapid-onset liverabnormalities (e.g., increased liver fat as shown by MRI), which werereversed by a normalized diet (Zeisel, et al., FASEBJ, 1991,5:2093-2098; and Fischer, et al., Am. J Clin. Nutr., 2007,85:1275-1285). These findings are Consistent with findings in severalanimal species that choline deficiency causes hepatic steatosis andcirrhosis, skeletal muscle and other organ abnormalities (Patek, et al.,Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 1975, 148:370-374; and reviewed in Buchman,Nutr. Clin. Pract., 2003, 18:353-358).

Intestinal failure (IF) occurs when gut function is reduced below theminimum necessary for the absorption of macronutrients and/or water andelectrolytes, such that intravenous supplementation is required tomaintain health and/or growth. Often due to surgical removal of bowel(short bowel syndrome) or diseased nonfunctioning bowel. IF isclassified into three types: (T-1) which is transient, usuallypost-operative, and fully reversible; (T-2) which is due to severeillness and requires parenteral nutrition (PN) for weeks or months; and(T-3) which requires long-term PN for survival. The underlying etiologyof T-3 stems from diseases such as cancer, Crohn's disease, vasculardisease, AIDS, radiation enteritis, and others (Bakker, H. et al., Clin.Nutr., 1999, 18:135-140). Further, after surviving gastrointestinal (GI)disease, a substantial proportion of PN-dependent IF patients developprogressive liver disease or intestinal failure associated liver disease(IFALD).

Liver disease in PN dependent adults and children has been widelyobserved for decades. Now termed IFALD, it is the complication in IFpatients with the greatest risk of death (Pironi et al., Clin. Nutr.,2012, 31:831-45). 47-65% of adult PN patients have chronic cholestasis(Cavicchi, et al., Ann. Intern. Med., 2000, 132:525-532; and Salvino etal., JPEN, 2006, 30:3, 202-208). 42% of all adult PN patients developcomplicated liver disease (i.e., extensive portal fibrosis or cirrhosis,bilirubin ≥3.5 mg/dl for ≥1 month, ascites, portal HTN, hepaticencephalopathy or factor V<50%) and 22% of deaths among PN patients aredue to liver disease (Cavicchi, et al., Ann. Intern. Med., 2000,132:525-532). Pathogenesis is presumed to be multi factorial: PNtoxicity (lipids), infectious, nutritional deficiencies includingcholine deficiency are all implicated in the literature.

Choline deficiency in PN patients is common and linked to liverimpairment (Buchman, et al., Clin. Nutr., 1993, 12:33-37; Buchman,Gastroent., 2009, 137:S119-128; Chawla, et al., Gastroent., 1989,97:1514-20; and Burt et al., Lancet, 1980, Sep. 20, 638-9). There areonly trace amounts of choline (as emulsifier) in PN products, de novosynthesis and secondary pathways are impaired, choline shortage leads toimpaired VLDL fat transport and pathological fat build-up in hpatoxyces,which created toxic bile salt accumulation (Noga, et al., J. Biol.Chem., 2003, 278:21851-21859; Lombardi, et al., J. Lipid Res., 1968,9:437-446; Yao, et al., J. Biol. Chem., 1988, 263:2998-3004; and DeVree, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1998, 95:282-287). Choline isnot included in PN products in sufficient amounts, which has beenrecognized by The American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition(ASPEN) as needed, but unavailable as a commercial PN product (Vanek etal., Nutr. Clin. Pract., 2012, 27(4), 440-491).

Intravenous (IV) choline administration for IFALD has shown promise inreducing steatosis (Buchman, et al., Hepatol., 1995, 22:1399-1403). IVcholine administration in patients >16 years old requiring >80% PN hasshown reversal of steatosis and improved cholestasis (Buchman, et al.,J. Parent. Ent. Nutr., 2001, 25:260-268). Further, IV cholineadministration is well-tolerated in patients (Buchman, et al., Clin.Pharm. Ther., 1994, 55:277-83). Administering a nutrient solutioncontaining a choline salt to a patient parenterally, as a method toinhibit fatty liver disease in a human patient has been described (U.S.Pat. No. 5,567,736).

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) requires that all injectable drugproducts be sterilized by terminal sterilization or through asepticprocessing methods. Terminal sterilization is the preferred method ofsterilization for injectable drug products, and takes place after thedrug product has been placed into its primary packaging. Terminalsterilization of drug products that are aqueous solutions may involveheat or irradiation. Selection of an appropriate sterilization methodrequires an in-depth understanding of the physicochemical properties ofthe drug substance and the characteristics of the final formulatedproduct.

The gamma irradiation process uses Cobalt 60, which emits gamma rays,measured in units of kiloGrays (kGy), during radioactive decay.High-energy gamma radiation interacts with matter to form ion pairs byejecting electrons, which leads to free radical formation andexcitation. Free-radicals are highly reactive and may participate inseveral types of reactions including gas liberation, double-bondformation and scission, exchange reactions, electron migration orcross-linking. In microorganisms, damage induced by radiation may resultin biological changes that result in cell death. Although breaking thecovalent bonds of bacterial DNA is considered the major route ofcellular damage, membrane damage also may contribute significantly toreproductive-cell death. In solutions, a molecule may receive energydirectly from the incident radiation (the “direct effect”) or, inaqueous solutions such as parenterals, by the transfer of energy fromthe radiolysis products of water (e.g., hydrogen and hydroxyl radicalsand the hydrated electron) to the solute molecule (the “indirecteffect”).

It is necessary to examine each new compound to assess its radiationstability. Furthermore, with a formulated medication, the stability ofan individual component may change when irradiated as part of theproduct (Jacobs G. P., Pharmaceutical Technology, 2007 Supplement, Iss.2). Aqueous parenteral drug products present additional challenges forsterilization via gamma irradiation than those in solid form due the“indirect effect.” For example, the hydroxyl radical is the strongestknown oxidizing species and is mainly responsible for radiation-induceddamage of solutes in irradiated aqueous solutions (Sharma et al.Advances in Pharmaceutical Product Development and Research, 2020, Ch.21, 789-848).

Accordingly, there is a need for sterile aqueous choline saltcompositions, and methods to produce the same, for the treatment ofconditions associated with choline deficiency.

BRIEF SUMMARY

The present disclosure provides sterile compositions of choline salts inaqueous media, their preparation, and methods of use. The disclosurefurther provides methods of treating choline deficiency, intestinalfailure associated liver disease (IFALD), and fatty liver disease.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates a steam survivor curve for G. stearothermophilusspores suspended in 50% choline chloride composition (R²=0.9895,−1/slope of line=D₁₂₁-value=34 minutes).

FIG. 2 depicts a serial dilution scheme as employed in Example 5.

FIG. 3 plots the pH results for “As is” samples of a pH study of cholinechloride solution 50% w/v in water for injection (WFI) before and afterterminal sterilization by heat.

FIG. 4 plots the pH results for “1:5 dilution” samples of a pH study ofcholine chloride solution 50% w/v in WFI before and after terminalsterilization by heat.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following description, certain specific details are set forth inorder to provide a thorough understanding of various embodiments.However, one skilled in the art will understand that the invention maybe practiced without these details. In other instances, well-knownstructures have not been shown or described in detail to avoidunnecessarily obscuring descriptions of the embodiments. Unless thecontext requires otherwise, throughout the specification and claimswhich follow, the word “comprise” and variations thereof, such as,“comprises” and “comprising” are to be construed in an open, inclusivesense, that is, as “including, but not limited to.” Further, headingsprovided herein are for convenience only and do not interpret the scopeor meaning of the claimed invention.

Reference throughout this specification to “one embodiment” or “anembodiment” means that a particular feature, structure or characteristicdescribed in connection with the embodiment is included in at least oneembodiment. Thus, the appearances of the phrases “in one embodiment” or“in an embodiment” in various places throughout this specification arenot necessarily all referring to the same embodiment. Furthermore, theparticular features, structures, or characteristics may be combined inany suitable manner in one or more embodiments. Also, as used in thisspecification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and“the” include plural referents unless the content clearly dictatesotherwise. It should also be noted that the term “or” is generallyemployed in its sense including “and/or” unless the content clearlydictates otherwise. The term “about” is to be construed as meaning plusor minus 10%. To illustrate, “about 5” means 5±0.5. Terms notspecifically defined herein should be given the meanings that would begiven to them by one of skill in the art in light of the disclosure andthe context.

The terms below, as used herein, have the following meanings, unlessindicated otherwise:

“Sterile” is defined as free from viable microorganisms. “Sterilization”is defined as a validated process used to render a product free fromviable microorganisms. The presence of microorganisms is expressed as aprobability. While the probability can be reduced to a very low number,it can never with certainty be reduced to zero. Therefore, the term“Sterility Assurance Level (SAL)” is used as a measure of sterility.“Sterility Assurance Level (SAL)” refers to the probability of a viablemicroorganism being present on a product after sterilization, and isnormally expressed as 10^(−n). SALs can also be used to describe themicrobial population that was destroyed by the sterilization process,though this is not the same as the probabilistic definition. What isoften called a “log reduction” (technically a reduction by one order ofmagnitude) represents a 90% reduction in microbial population. Thus aprocess that achieves a “6-log reduction” (10⁻⁶) will theoreticallyreduce an initial population of one million organisms to very close tozero. Sterility may also be expressed by the presence of “Colony FormingUnits (CFU)”, where CFU is used to describe visible growth ofmicroorganisms arising from a single cell or multiple cells.

“Choline salt” refers to a class of quaternary ammonium salts containingthe N,N,N-trimethylethanolammonium cation and corresponding counteranion, which may be represented by the following general formula whereinX⁻ denotes the corresponding counter anion:

Suitable counter anions include, but are not limited to, halides, suchas chloride Cl⁻, and bitartrate((2R,3R)-2,3,4-trihydroxy-4-oxobutanoate). Choline salts may be preparedfrom an inorganic acid or from an organic acid. Examples of inorganicacids include hydrochloric, hydrobromic, hydriodic, nitric, carbonic,sulfuric, and phosphoric acids. Appropriate organic acids may beselected from aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, aromatic, aromatic aliphatic,heterocyclic, carboxylic, and sulfonic classes of organic acids,examples of which include formic, acetic, propionic, succinic, glycolic,gluconic, lactic, malic, tartaric, citric, ascorbic, glucuronic, maleic,fumaric, pyruvic, aspartic, glutamic, benzoic, anthranilic,4-hydroxybenzoic, phenylacetic, mandelic, hippuric, malonic, oxalic,embonic (pamoic), methanesulfonic, ethanesulfonic, benzenesulfonic,panthothenic, trifluoromethanesulfonic, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonic,p-toluenesulfonic, sulfanilic, cyclohexylaminosulfonic, stearic,alginic, Phydroxybutyric, salicylic, -galactaric, and galacturonic acid.

“Aqueous media(um)” is defined as a liquid comprising more than about50% water.

“Weight/volume %” is a way of expressing the concentration of asolution, wherein

${\frac{weight}{volume}\%} = {\frac{{weight}{of}{solute}}{{volume}{of}{solution}} \times 100.}$

“Water for Injection (WFI)” is a sterile, nonpyrogenic preparation ofwater for injection which contains no bacteriostat, antimicrobial agent,or added buffer.

“Bacteriostat” refers to a substance that prevents the multiplying ofbacteria without destroying them.

“Antimicrobial agent” refers to a natural or synthetic substance thatkills or inhibits the growth of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungiand algae.

“Preservative” refers to antimicrobial ingredients that are added tocompositions to help maintain the safety of the composition byinhibiting the growth of, or reducing the amount of microbialcontaminants, or both.

“Amino acid(s)” are simple organic compound containing both a carboxyl(COOH) and an amino (—NH₂) group. The term “amino acid(s)” may refer tonaturally occurring or synthetic (i.e., man-made) amino acid(s).

“Vitamin” refers to any of a group of organic compounds which areessential for normal growth and nutrition and are required in smallquantities in the diet because they cannot be synthesized by the body.Examples of vitamins may include, but are not limited to, vitamin A (asall-trans-retinol, all-trans-retinyl-esters, as well asall-trans-beta-carotene and other provitamin A carotenoids), vitamin B1(thiamine), vitamin B2 (riboflavin), vitamin B3 (niacin), vitamin B5(pantothenic acid), vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), vitamin B7 (biotin),vitamin B9 (folic acid or folate), vitamin B12 (cobalamins), vitamin C(ascorbic acid), vitamin D (calciferols), vitamin E (tocopherols andtocotrienols), and vitamin K (quinones).

“Fatty acid” refers to a carboxylic acid consisting of a hydrocarbonchain and a terminal carboxyl group, especially any of those occurringas esters in fats and oils. Fatty acids may include, but are not limitedto, alpha-linolenic acid, linoleic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, andgamma-linolenic acid.

“Ionic strength” is the total ion concentration in a solution. Ionicstrength is calculated by the formula

$I = {\frac{1}{2}\Sigma_{i = 1}^{n}c_{i}z_{i}^{2}}$

where, c; is the molar concentration of ion I (mol/L), z_(i) is thecharge number of that ion, and the sum is taken over all ions insolution. For example, for a 1:1 electrolyte such as choline chloride,where each ion is singly-charged, the ionic strength is equal to the sumof the concentration of each ion (choline⁺¹, chloride¹).

“Substantially free of microbes, bacteria, or specific strains ofbacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) or Geobacillusstearothermophilus (G. stearothermophilus)” means having a low (i.e., ≤1colony-forming unit, CFU/mL) but clinically acceptable level ofbacteria. Microbes include viruses, bacteria, archaea, fungi, plantslike algae, and protozoa.

“Resistant to microbial growth” means that the composition(s) meet thecriteria set forth by, for example, the Food and Drug Administration andthe U.S. Pharmacopeia for products made with aqueous bases or vehicles.For example, for bacteria, resistant to microbial growth may mean notless than 1.0 log reduction for the initial calculated count at 7 days,not less than 3.0 log reduction at 14 days, and no increase from the 14days' count at 28 days. For example, for yeast and molds, resistant tomicrobial growth may mean no increase from the initial calculated countat 7, 14, and 28 days.

“D-value” or decimal reduction time (or decimal reduction dose) is thetime (or dose) required, at a given condition (e.g., temperature) or setof conditions, to achieve a log reduction, that is, to kill 90% (or 1log or more) of relevant microorganisms.

“Chemically stable” refers to the resistance of a substance to degradeinto its known or unknown degradation products. For example,trimethylamine is a known degradation product of choline chloride. Thelevel of trimethylamine that is acceptable can be up to 0.2%.

“Drug product” means a finished dosage form, for example, tablet,capsule, solution, etc., that contains an active drug ingredientgenerally, but not necessarily, in association with inactiveingredients.

In certain embodiments of the invention, a pH-adjusting agent may beadded to the composition. The choice of a pH adjusting agent may affectthe resistance to microbial challenge and/or the stability of thecholine salt, as measured by the reduction in assayable degradationproducts. A pH adjusting agent may include acids such as, malic acid,citric acid, acetic acid, boric acid, lactic acid, hydrochloric acid,phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, sulfonic acid, or nitric acid. A pHadjusting gent may also include bases such as, acetanilide, ammonia,calcium hydroxide, potassium bicarbonate, potassium hydroxide, sodiumbicarbonate, sodium dihydrogen phosphate, sodium citrate, sodiumtaitrate, sodium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, thiourea, or urea. Any pHadjusting agent disclosed herein or as would be known to one of ordinaryskill in the art is contemplated herein.

“Pharmaceutical composition” as recited herein is synonymous withcomposition.

“Pharmaceutically acceptable” refers to molecular entities andcompositions that do not produce an adverse, allergic or other untowardreaction when administered to a subject. As used herein,“pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” includes any and all solvents,dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents,isotonic and absorption delaying agents and the like. The use of suchmedia and agents for pharmaceutically active substances is well known inthe art. Insofar as any conventional media or agent is incompatible withthe active ingredient, its use in the therapeutic compositions is notappropriate. Supplementary compatible active ingredients can beincorporated into the compositions. For human administration,preparations should meet sterility, pyrogenicity, general safety andpurity standards as required by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).Conventional procedures and ingredients for the selection andpreparation of suitable compositions are described, for example, inRemington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 21^(st) Ed., Gennaro,Ed., Lippencott Williams & Wilkins (2005) and in The United StatesPharmacopeia: The National Formulary (USP 36 NF31), published in 2013.

An “excipient” refers to certain embodiments which are more or lessinert substances added as diluents (wherein “diluent” refers to asubstance used to dilute something) or vehicles, or to provide form orconsistency. Excipients may also enhance resistance to microbial growth,and thus act as a preservative. Such excipients include, but are notlimited to, xylitol, mannitol, lactose, starch, magnesium stearate,sodium saccharine, cellulose, cellulose derivatives, magnesium carbonateand the like.

As used herein, the term “effective amount” refers to a quantity of aspecified agent sufficient to achieve a desired effect in a subjectbeing treated with that agent. Ideally, an effective amount of an agentis an amount sufficient to inhibit or treat the disease without causingsubstantial toxicity in the subject. The effective amount of an agentwill be dependent on the subject being treated, the severity of theaffliction, and the manner of administration of the pharmaceuticalcomposition. Methods of determining an effective amount of the disclosedagent sufficient to achieve a desired effect in a subject will beunderstood by those of skill in the art in light of this disclosure.

As used herein, the terms “chronic” refers to a medical disorder orcondition that persists over time or is frequently recurring.

Dosage forms can be administered once a day, or more than once a day,such as twice or thrice daily. Alternatively, dosage forms can beadministered less frequently than daily, such as every other day, orweekly, if found to be advisable by a prescribing physician or drug'sprescribing information. Dosing regimens include, for example, dosetitration to the extent necessary or useful for the indication to betreated, thus allowing the patient's body to adapt to the treatment, tominimize or avoid unwanted side effects associated with the treatment,and/or to maximize the therapeutic effect of the treatment. Suitabledosage regimens and/or forms include those set out, for example, in thelatest edition of the Physicians' Desk Reference, incorporated herein byreference.

“Direct injection” refers to an intravenous injection wherein asubstance is injected directly into a vein.

“Indirect injection” refers to an intravenous injection wherein asubstance is introduced into another source prior to injection directlyinto a vein. For example, without limiting possible routes of indirectinjection, an indirect injection comprises introducing a substance intoan IV bag, wherein the contents of the IV bag are then administered to asubject via injection into a vein as the terminal point of travel (e.g.,the contents of the IV bag including, or not including, the substance tobe introduced may flow through or be contained in other channels orapparatuses prior to eventual injection into the vein).

A “kit” as used herein, refers to a combination of any number ofitem(s). For example, a kit may comprise a composition and a syringe forinjection of the composition. A kit may also comprise a pre-loadedsyringe for injection.

“Gamma irradiation” refers to subjecting a material to gamma radiation,wherein high-energy photons are emitted from an isotope source (e.g.,Cobalt 60). High-energy gamma radiation produces electron disruptions(ionization) in any material that it encounters. In living cells, thesedisruptions result in damage to the DNA and other cellular structures.These photon-induced changes at the molecular level may cause the deathof the organism or render the organism incapable of reproduction. Thiseffect is useful in killing bacteria, insects, or other livingcontaminants, which may exist in, or on, a material.

“Choline deficient” refers to a clinically determined deficiency incholine. Choline is an essential nutrient for humans and is necessaryfor the normal function of all cells. As a critical component of thecell membrane, it ensures the structural integrity and signalingfunctions of the cell. Choline is also used for neurotransmission (asthe metabolite, acetylcholine), is a major source of methyl donors, andis required for lipid transport from the liver. Considering these manydiverse roles, choline deficiency can cause disorders in many bodilysystems, including liver, muscle, and lymphocytes in humans and,additionally, the kidney, pancreas, and developing brain and nervoussystem in animals. Choline deficiency may be characterized as <7 nmolfree choline.

“Parenteral nutrition (PN)” refers to intravenous administration ofnutrition, which may include protein, carbohydrate, fat, minerals andelectrolytes, vitamins and other trace elements for patients who cannoteat or absorb enough food through tube feeding formula or by mouth tomaintain good nutrition status.

“Parenteral support” includes administration of parenteral fluids aloneor in combination with parenteral nutrition solutions.

“Intestinal failure (IF)” refers to the reduction of gut function belowthe minimum necessary for the absorption of macronutrients and/or waterand electrolytes, such that intravenous supplementation is required tomaintain health and/or growth. In some instances, IF may be due tosurgical removal of the bowel (short bowel syndrome) or diseasednonfunctioning bowel.

“Intestinal failure associated liver disease (IFALD)” refers to liverdisease associated with intestinal failure, which may arise inPN-dependent subjects. In some instances, IFALD develops in patients onlong-term parenteral nutrition for chronic intestinal failure, and maybe characterized by liver steatosis and/or cholestasis, and may beaccompanied by one or more other signs of liver injury including but notlimited to, elevated liver function test(s), fibrosis, cirrhosis, andend stage liver disease (ESLD). In some instances, IFALD may previouslyhave been referred to as PN associated liver disease (PNALD).

“Fatty liver disease” refers to a condition characterized by excessiveaccumulation of lipids (fat) in the liver. The build-up of fat in theliver results in a range of clinical manifestations and progresses instages. Depending on etiology, each stage can be characterized asnon-alcoholic or alcoholic. The progression begins with simple fattyliver, or steatosis. This stage, generally regarded as benign, ischaracterized by the increased appearance of fat in the liver. Fattyliver can be characterized as non-alcoholic (NAFL) or alcoholic (AFL).The next stage of a fatty liver disease is a form of hepatitis known assteatohepatitis, characterized by further fat accumulation and livertissue inflammation. Steatohepatitis can be non-alcoholic (NASH) oralcoholic (ASH). Both NASH and ASH can lead to the next stage of fattyliver disease, NASH-associated or ASH-associated fibrosis, respectively,which is characterized by scarring of the liver. Finally, fibrosis canprogress to cirrhosis, which causes irreversible damage to the liver andis the most severe stage. Cirrhosis can be non-alcoholic or alcoholic.

“Type 1 glass” refers to a borosilicate glass with good chemicalresistance. Type 1 glass is used for pharmaceuticals requiring the leastreactive containers. Exemplary products include, but are not limited to,glass vials, filled syringes, cartridges, and ampoules.

“Delamination controlled (DC) glass” refers to glass that is resistantto delamination (i.e., degradation of surface glass). Exemplary productsinclude, but are not limited to, glass vials, filled syringes,cartridges, and ampoules.

“Pure ethanol” refers to 200 proof (100%) ethanol.

“Substantially no(t) detectable” when referring to either2-chloroethanol or aluminum, refers to an amount of either substancethat is within 10% of the limit of detection.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a sterilecomposition comprising a choline salt in an aqueous medium.

In certain embodiments, the composition contains 25-75% choline salt byweight/volume %. In specific embodiments, the composition contains 50%choline salt by weight/volume %.

In some embodiments, the choline salt is choline chloride. In otherembodiments, the choline salt is choline bitartrate.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a sterilecomposition for intravenous injection comprising choline chloride in anaqueous medium, wherein the choline chloride is present in thecomposition at a level of 25-75% choline chloride salt by weight/volume0.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a sterilecomposition for intravenous injection comprising choline chloride in anaqueous medium, wherein the choline chloride is present in thecomposition at a level of 50% choline chloride salt by weight/volume %.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a sterilecomposition for intravenous injection consisting of choline chloride inan aqueous medium, wherein the choline chloride is present in thecomposition at a level of 50% choline chloride by weight/volume %.

In some embodiments, the aqueous medium is water for injection.

In certain embodiments, the composition does not contain a preservative.In other embodiments, the composition contains a preservative. In someembodiments, the composition contains at least one amino acid, at leastone vitamin, and/or at least one fatty acid. In some embodiments, thecomposition contains at least one amino acid. In still otherembodiments, the composition contains at least one vitamin. In certainembodiments, the composition contains at least one fatty acid. In otherembodiments, the composition contains a pharmaceutically acceptablecarrier, diluent, or excipient.

In some embodiments, the composition has an ionic strength of at least0.3 Molar.

In certain embodiments, the composition has an ionic strength of 0.3-7Molar. In certain specific embodiments, the composition has an ionicstrength of about 7 Molar.

In some embodiments, the composition has a pH of about 4-7.

In some embodiments, the composition is substantially free of microbes.In some embodiments, the composition is substantially free of bacteria.

In some embodiments, the composition is substantially free of S. aureus,G. stearothermophilus, and/or B. pumilus. In certain embodiments, thecomposition contains less than 10⁻¹ CFU/mL of S. aureus, G.stearothermophilus, and/or B. pumilus. In certain embodiments, thecomposition contains less than 10⁻² CFU/mL of S. aureus, G.stearothermophilus, and/or B. pumilus. In certain embodiments, thecomposition contains less than 10⁻³ CFU/mL of S. aureus, G.stearothermophilus, and/or B. pumilus. In certain embodiments, thecomposition contains less than 10⁻⁴ CFU/mL of S. aureus, G.stearothermophilus, and/or B. pumilus. In certain embodiments, thecomposition contains less than 10⁻⁵ CFU/mL of S. aureus, G.stearothermophilus, and/or B. pumilus. In certain embodiments, thecomposition contains less than 10⁻⁶ CFU/mL of S. aureus, G.stearothermophilus, and/or B. pumilus.

In some embodiments, the composition is substantially free of S. aureus.In certain embodiments, the composition contains less than 10⁻¹ CFU/mLof S. aureus. In certain embodiments, the composition contains less than10⁻² CFU/mL of S. aureus. In certain embodiments, the compositioncontains less than 10⁻³ CFU/mL of S. aureus. In certain embodiments, thecomposition contains less than 10⁻⁴ CFU/mL of S. aureus. In certainembodiments, the composition contains less than 10⁻⁵ CFU/mL of S.aureus. In certain embodiments, the composition contains less than 10⁻⁶CFU/mL of S. aureus.

In some embodiments, the composition is substantially free of G.stearothermophilus. In certain embodiments, the composition containsless than 10⁻¹ CFU/mL of G. stearothermophilus. In certain embodiments,the composition contains less than 10⁻² CFU/mL of G. stearothermophilus.In certain embodiments, the composition contains less than 10⁻³ CFU/mLof G. stearothermophilus. In certain embodiments, the compositioncontains less than 10⁻⁴ CFU/mL of G. stearothermophilus. In certainembodiments, the composition contains less than 10⁻⁵ CFU/mL of G.stearothermophilus. In certain embodiments, the composition containsless than 10⁻⁶ CFU/mL of G. stearothermophilus.

In some embodiments, the composition is substantially free of B.pumilus. In certain embodiments, the composition contains less than 10⁻¹CFU/mL of B. pumilus. In certain embodiments, the composition containsless than 10⁻² CFU/mL of B. pumilus. In certain embodiments, thecomposition contains less than 10⁻³ CFU/mL of B. pumilus. In certainembodiments, the composition contains less than 10⁻⁴ CFU/mL of B.pumilus. In certain embodiments, the composition contains less than 10⁻⁵CFU/mL of B. pumilus. In certain embodiments, the composition containsless than 10⁻⁶ CFU/mL of B. pumilus.

In some embodiments, the composition has a sterility assurance level ofat least 10⁻³ to 10⁻⁶. In certain embodiments, the composition has asterility assurance level of at least 10⁻³. In other embodiments, thecomposition has a sterility assurance level of at least 10⁻⁴. In otherembodiments, the composition has a sterility assurance level of at least10⁻⁵. In still other embodiments, the composition has a sterilityassurance level of at least 10⁻⁶.

In some embodiments, the composition is sterilized by the ionic strengthof the composition. In some embodiments, the composition is sterilizedby gamma irradiation. In further embodiments, the composition issterilized by a combination of ionic strength and gamma irradiation. Insome embodiments, the gamma irradiation is at least 20 kGy. In someembodiments, the gamma irradiation is 18-25 kGy. In some embodiments,the gamma irradiation is 25-33 kGy. In some embodiments, the gammairradiation is 45-59 kGy.

In some embodiments, the composition is suitable for administration viaindirect injection or via direct injection. In specific embodiments, thecomposition is suitable for administration via direct injection. Inother specific embodiments, the composition is suitable for administeredvia indirect injection.

In some embodiments, the composition is resistant to microbial growth.In some embodiments, the composition is chemically stable.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method ofproducing a composition comprising combining a choline salt with anaqueous medium, and adjusting the concentration of the choline salt inthe aqueous medium.

In some embodiments, the pH is also adjusted. In certain embodiments,the pH adjusting agent is an acid. In specific embodiments, the acid ismalic acid, citric acid, acetic acid, boric acid, lactic acid,hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, sulfonic acid, ornitric acid.

In other embodiments, the pH adjusting agent is a base. In otherspecific embodiments, the base is acetanilide, ammonia, calciumhydroxide, potassium bicarbonate, potassium hydroxide, sodiumbicarbonate, sodium dihydrogen phosphate, sodium citrate, sodiumtaitrate, sodium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, thiourea, or urea.

In some embodiments, the method comprises sterilizing the composition bythe ionic strength of the composition. In some embodiments, the methodcomprises sterilizing the composition by gamma irradiation. In furtherembodiments, the method comprises sterilizing the composition by acombination of ionic strength and gamma irradiation.

In some embodiments, the gamma irradiation is at least 20 kGy. In someembodiments, the gamma irradiation is 18-25 kGy. In some embodiments,the gamma irradiation is 25-33 kGy. In some embodiments, the gammairradiation is 45-59 kGy.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method ofproducing a composition as described herein, comprising combiningcholine chloride with water for injection to produce a 50% (w/v)solution, that has an ionic strength of about 7M and a pH between about4-7, and exposing the solution to gamma irradiation to produce asterility assurance level of at least 10⁻⁶.

In some embodiments, the gamma irradiation is at least 20 kGy. In someembodiments, the gamma irradiation is 18-25 kGy. In some embodiments,the gamma irradiation is 25-33 kGy. In some embodiments, the gammairradiation is 45-59 kGy.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a composition asdescribed herein, produced by a method as described herein.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a compositionproduced by combining a choline salt and water for injection such thatthe ionic strength of the composition promotes sterilization of thecomposition, and further sterilizing the composition by exposure togamma irradiation. In specific embodiments, the composition contains 50%choline chloride by weight/volume %.

In some embodiments, the composition is filtered through a micronfilter. In some embodiments, the composition is filtered through twomicron filters in series. In some embodiments, the composition isfiltered through a 0.2 micron filter. In some embodiments, thecomposition is filtered through two 0.2 micron filters in series. Insome embodiments, the composition is filtered through a 0.45 micronfilter. In some embodiments, the composition is filtered through two0.45 micron filters in series.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of treatingcholine deficiency in a subject, comprising administering to the subjectan effective amount of a composition as described herein.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method ofproviding parenteral support to a subject, comprising administering tothe subject an effective amount of a composition as described herein.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method ofproviding parenteral nutrition to a subject, comprising administering tothe subject an effective amount of a composition as described herein.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of treatingliver cholestasis in a subject, comprising administering to the subjectan effective amount of a composition as described herein.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of treatingliver steatosis in a subject, comprising administering to the subject aneffective amount of a composition as described herein.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of treatingintestinal failure associated liver disease (IFALD) in a subject,comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of acomposition as described herein.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of treatinga fatty liver disease in a subject, comprising administering to thesubject an effective amount of a composition as described herein. Insome embodiments, the fatty liver disease is AFL, ASH, NAFL, NASH,NASH-associated liver fibrosis or ASH-associated liver fibrosis. In someembodiments, the fatty liver disease is alcoholic fatty liver (AFL). Insome embodiments, the fatty liver disease is alcoholic steatohepatitis(ASH). In some embodiments, the fatty liver disease is non-alcoholicfatty liver (NAFL). In some embodiments, the fatty liver disease isnon-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). In some embodiments, the fattyliver disease is NASH-associated liver fibrosis. In some embodiments,the fatty liver disease is ASH-associated liver fibrosis.

In some embodiments, the treatment comprises administering a compositionas described herein to a subject as parenteral support. Parenteralsupport includes administration of parenteral fluids alone or incombination with parenteral nutrition solutions. For example, a solutioncomprising a composition as described herein may be provided through aY-line administration as a stand alone when just fluid is administered.In some embodiments, the treatment comprises administering a compositionas described herein to a subject as part of a parenteral supportsolution, wherein administration occurs at least once per day or asdetermined by the treating physician. In some embodiments, the treatmentcomprises administering a composition as described herein to a subjectas part of a parenteral support solution, wherein administration occursat least once per day or on a schedule to obtain normal plasma levels ofcholine as determined by the treating physician. For example, infusiontime may be several hours (e.g., 10-14 hours), which may be administeredcontinuously or may be broken up in one or more administrationintervals.

In some embodiments, the treatment comprises administering a compositionas described herein to a subject as part of a parenteral nutritionsolution. In some embodiments, the treatment comprises administering acomposition as described herein to a subject as part of a parenteralnutrition solution, wherein administration occurs at least once per dayor as determined by the treating physician. In some embodiments, thetreatment comprises administering a composition as described herein to asubject as part of a parenteral nutrition solution, whereinadministration occurs at least once per day or on a schedule to obtainnormal plasma levels of choline as determined by the treating physician.For example, infusion time may be several hours (e.g., 10-14 hours),which may be administered continuously or may be broken up in one ormore administration intervals.

In specific embodiments, the composition as described herein, isadministered to a subject via direct injection. In other specificembodiments, the composition as described herein, is administered to asubject via indirect injection.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a choline saltcomposition, wherein the composition has been sterilized in liquid formby gamma irradiation of at least 25 kGy and is the irradiation productof a composition comprising a 25-75% choline salt by weight/volume % inan aqueous medium, wherein the composition has a: (a) pH of about 4-7;(b) ionic strength >0.3 M; and (c) a sterility assurance level of atleast 10⁻³ to 10⁻⁶. In specific embodiments, the ionic strength of thecomposition is about 7M. In specific embodiments, the sterilityassurance level of the composition is at least 10⁻⁶ M. In specificembodiments, the aqueous medium is water for injection. In specificembodiments, the choline salt is choline chloride. In specificembodiments, the composition comprises 50% choline salt by weight/volume%.

In some embodiments, the composition is for use in a method of treatingcholine deficiency in a subject comprising administering to the subjectan effective amount of a composition as described herein. In someembodiments, the composition is for use in a method of treating adeficiency in parenteral support in a subject comprising administeringto the subject an effective amount of a composition as described herein.In some embodiments, the composition is for use in a method of treatinga deficiency in parenteral nutrition in a subject comprisingadministering to the subject an effective amount of a composition asdescribed herein. In some embodiments, the composition is for use in amethod of treating liver steatosis in a subject comprising administeringto the subject an effective amount of a composition as described herein.In some embodiments, the composition is for use in a method of treatingliver cholestasis in a subject comprising administering to the subjectan effective amount of a composition as described herein. In someembodiments, the composition is for use in a method of treatingintestinal failure associated liver disease (IFALD) in a subjectcomprising administering to the subject an effective amount of acomposition as described herein. In some embodiments, the composition isfor use in a method of treating a fatty liver disease in a subjectcomprising administering to the subject an effective amount of acomposition as described herein. In some embodiments, the fatty liverdisease is AFL, ASH, NAFL, NASH, NASH-associated liver fibrosis orASH-associated liver fibrosis.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a composition asdescribed herein, wherein the composition is packaged in the form of avial for injection.

In some embodiments, the composition is packaged in a glass container.In some embodiments, the composition is packaged in a Type 1 glasscontainer. In other embodiments, the composition is packaged in adelamination controlled (DC) glass container.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a composition asdescribed herein, wherein the composition is packaged in the form of anIV bag.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a composition asdescribed herein, wherein the composition is packaged in the form of apre-loaded syringe.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a composition asdescribed herein, wherein the composition is packaged in the form of akit comprising the composition and a syringe. In specific embodiments,the kit comprises the composition packaged in a glass container. Inspecific embodiments, the kit comprises the composition packaged in aType 1 glass container. In specific embodiments, the kit comprises thecomposition packaged in a delamination controlled (DC) glass container.In specific embodiments, the kit comprises the composition packaged inan IV bag. In other specific embodiments, the kit comprises thecomposition packaged as a pre-loaded syringe.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a composition andpackaging as described herein, wherein the composition and packaging aresterilized by gamma irradiation. In some embodiments, the presentinvention provides a composition and packaging as described herein,wherein the composition is sterilized by both ionic strength and gammairradiation and the packaging is sterilized by gamma irradiation. Inspecific embodiments, the composition and packaging are sterilized bygamma irradiation of at least 20 kGy. In some embodiments, thecomposition and packaging are sterilized by gamma irradiation of 18-25kGy. In some embodiments, the composition and packaging are sterilizedby gamma irradiation of 25-33 kGy. In some embodiments, the compositionand packaging are sterilized by the gamma irradiation of 45-59 kGy.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a sterile, ready touse pharmaceutical composition of choline chloride comprising: a primarypackaging container containing a sterile aqueous choline chloridesolution having a concentration of 25-75% choline chloride byweight/volume % in an aqueous medium; and a seal sealing the primarypackaging container; wherein the choline chloride solution is free ofviable microbial contamination in accordance with a sterility assurancelevel of at least 10⁻³ to 10⁻⁶. In specific embodiments, the aqueouscholine chloride solution has a concentration of 50% choline chloride byweight/volume %. In specific embodiments, the sterility assurance levelis at least 10⁻⁶. In certain embodiments, the aqueous medium is waterfor injection. In some embodiments, the primary packaging is a glasscontainer. In some embodiments, the primary packaging is a Type 1 glasscontainer. In other embodiments, the primary packaging is a DC glasscontainer. In still other embodiments, the primary packaging is a in anIV bag. In further embodiments, the primary packaging is a pre-loadedsyringe.

In some embodiments, the ready to use pharmaceutical composition issterilized by gamma irradiation. In specific embodiments, ready to usepharmaceutical composition is sterilized by gamma irradiation of atleast 20 kGy. In other specific embodiments, ready to use pharmaceuticalcomposition is sterilized by gamma irradiation of 25-33 kGy. In otherspecific embodiments, ready to use pharmaceutical composition issterilized by gamma irradiation of 45-59 kGy.

In some embodiments, the ready to use pharmaceutical composition issuitable for administration via indirect injection. In otherembodiments, the ready to use pharmaceutical is suitable foradministration via direct injection. In further embodiments, the readyto use pharmaceutical is stable in the primary packaging for at least 3months.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a sterile aqueouscholine chloride drug product produced by the process of: (i) dissolvingcholine chloride in water for injection to a final concentration of40-60% choline chloride by weight/volume %; (ii) filtering the solutionthrough a micron filter; (iii) transferring the solution to a glassvial; (iv) sealing the vial; (v) sterilizing the drug product usinggamma irradiation. In certain embodiments, in step (ii) the sterileaqueous choline chloride drug product is filtered through a 0.2 micronfilter. In certain embodiments, in step (ii) the sterile aqueous cholinechloride drug product is filtered through a 0.45 micron filter. Incertain embodiments, in step (ii) the sterile aqueous choline chloridedrug product is filtered through two micron filters in series.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a sterile aqueouscholine chloride drug product produced by the process of: (i) dissolvingcholine chloride in water for injection to a final concentration of40-60% choline chloride by weight/volume %; (ii) filtering the solutionthrough a 0.2 micron filter; (iii) transferring the solution to a glassvial; (iv) sealing the vial; (v) sterilizing the drug product usinggamma irradiation.

In specific embodiments, the sterile aqueous choline chloride drugproduct contains 50% choline chloride by weight/volume %. In certainembodiments, the sterile aqueous choline chloride drug product isfiltered through two 0.2 micron filters in series. In certainembodiments, the sterile aqueous choline chloride drug product isfiltered through two 0.45 micron filters in series. In furtherembodiments, the sterile aqueous choline chloride drug product issterilized by gamma irradiation of at least 20 kGy. In further specificembodiments, the sterile aqueous choline chloride drug product issterilized by gamma irradiation of 25-33 kGy. In further specificembodiments, the sterile aqueous choline chloride drug product issterilized by gamma irradiation of 45-59 kGy.

In some embodiments, the sterile aqueous choline chloride drug productis transferred to a vial, wherein the vial is a glass container. In someembodiments, the sterile aqueous choline chloride drug product istransferred to a vial, wherein the vial is a Type 1 glass container. Insome embodiments, the sterile aqueous choline chloride drug product istransferred to a vial, wherein the vial is a DC glass container. Inspecific embodiments, the sterile aqueous choline chloride drug productis sealed in a vial, wherein the vial is sealed with a rubber stopper.In further specific embodiments, the sterile aqueous choline chloridedrug product is sealed in a vial, wherein the vial is further sealedwith an aluminum crimp.

In certain embodiments, the drug product does not contain apreservative. In other embodiments, the drug product contains apreservative. In some embodiments, the drug product contains at leastone amino acid, at least one vitamin, and/or at least one fatty acid. Insome embodiments, the drug product contains at least one amino acid. Instill other embodiments, the drug product contains at least one vitamin.In certain embodiments, the drug product contains at least one fattyacid. In other embodiments, the drug product contains a pharmaceuticallyacceptable carrier, diluent, or excipient.

In some embodiments, the drug product has an ionic strength of at least0.3 Molar. In certain embodiments, the drug product has an ionicstrength of 0.3-7 Molar. In certain specific embodiments, the drugproduct has an ionic strength of about 7 Molar.

In some embodiments, the drug product has a pH of about 4-7.

In some embodiments, the drug product is substantially free of microbes.In some embodiments, the drug product is substantially free of bacteria.

In some embodiments, the drug product is substantially free of S.aureus, G. stearothermophilus, and/or B. pumilus. In certainembodiments, the drug product contains less than 10⁻¹ CFU/mL of S.aureus, G. stearothermophilus, and/or B. pumilus. In certainembodiments, the drug product contains less than 10⁻² CFU/mL of S.aureus, G. stearothermophilus, and/or B. pumilus. In certainembodiments, the drug product contains less than 10⁻³ CFU/mL of S.aureus, G. stearothermophilus, and/or B. pumilus. In certainembodiments, the drug product contains less than 10⁻⁴ CFU/mL of S.aureus, G. stearothermophilus, and/or B. pumilus. In certainembodiments, the drug product contains less than 10⁻⁵ CFU/mL of S.aureus, G. stearothermophilus, and/or B. pumilus. In certainembodiments, the drug product contains less than 10⁻⁶ CFU/mL of S.aureus, G. stearothermophilus, and/or B. pumilus.

In some embodiments, the drug product is substantially free of S.aureus. In certain embodiments, the drug product contains less than 10⁻¹CFU/mL of S. aureus. In certain embodiments, the drug product containsless than 10⁻² CFU/mL of S. aureus. In certain embodiments, the drugproduct contains less than 10⁻³ CFU/mL of S. aureus. In certainembodiments, the drug product contains less than 10⁻⁴ CFU/mL of S.aureus. In certain embodiments, the drug product contains less than 10⁻⁵CFU/mL of S. aureus. In certain embodiments, the drug product containsless than 10⁻⁶ CFU/mL of S. aureus.

In some embodiments, the drug product is substantially free of G.stearothermophilus. In certain embodiments, the drug product containsless than 10⁻¹ CFU/mL of G. stearothermophilus. In certain embodiments,the drug product contains less than 10⁻² CFU/mL of G.stearothermophilus. In certain embodiments, the drug product containsless than 10⁻³ CFU/mL of G. stearothermophilus. In certain embodiments,the drug product contains less than 10⁻⁴ CFU/mL of G.stearothermophilus. In certain embodiments, the drug product containsless than 10⁻⁵ CFU/mL of G. stearothermophilus. In certain embodiments,the drug product contains less than 10⁻⁶ CFU/mL of G.stearothermophilus.

In some embodiments, the drug product is substantially free of B.pumilus. In certain embodiments, the drug product contains less than10⁻¹ CFU/mL of B. pumilus. In certain embodiments, the drug productcontains less than 10⁻² CFU/mL of B. pumilus. In certain embodiments,the drug product contains less than 10⁻³ CFU/mL of B. pumilus. Incertain embodiments, the drug product contains less than 10⁻⁴ CFU/mL ofB. pumilus. In certain embodiments, the drug product contains less than10⁻⁵ CFU/mL of B. pumilus. In certain embodiments, the drug productcontains less than 10⁻⁶ CFU/mL of B. pumilus.

In some embodiments, the drug product has a sterility assurance level ofat least 10⁻³ to 10⁻⁶. In certain embodiments, the drug product has asterility assurance level of at least 10⁻³. In other embodiments, thedrug product has a sterility assurance level of at least 10⁻⁴. In otherembodiments, the drug product has a sterility assurance level of atleast 10⁵. In still other embodiments, the drug product has a sterilityassurance level of at least 10⁻⁶.

In some embodiments, the drug product is resistant to microbial growth.In some embodiments, the drug product is chemically stable.

In specific embodiments, the drug product as described herein, isadministered to a subject via direct injection. In other specificembodiments, the drug product as described herein, is administered to asubject via indirect injection.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a drug product asdescribed herein, wherein the drug product is packaged in the form of akit comprising the drug product and a syringe.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a drug product andpackaging as described herein, wherein the drug product and packagingare sterilized by gamma irradiation. In some embodiments, the presentinvention provides a drug product and packaging as described herein,wherein the drug product is sterilized by both ionic strength and gammairradiation and the packaging is sterilized by gamma irradiation. Inspecific embodiments, the drug product and packaging are sterilized bygamma irradiation of at least 20 kGy. In some embodiments, the drugproduct and packaging are sterilized by gamma irradiation of 18-25 kGy.In some embodiments, the drug product and packaging are sterilized bygamma irradiation of 25-33 kGy. In some embodiments, the drug productand packaging are sterilized by the gamma irradiation of 45-59 kGy.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of treatingcholine deficiency in a subject, comprising administering to the subjectan effective amount of a drug product as described herein.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method ofproviding parenteral support to a subject, comprising administering tothe subject an effective amount of a drug product as described herein.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method ofproviding parenteral nutrition to a subject, comprising administering tothe subject an effective amount of a drug product as described herein.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of treatingliver cholestasis in a subject, comprising administering to the subjectan effective amount of a drug product as described herein.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of treatingliver steatosis in a subject, comprising administering to the subject aneffective amount of a drug product as described herein.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of treatingintestinal failure associated liver disease (IFALD) in a subject,comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a drugproduct as described herein.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of treatinga fatty liver disease in a subject, comprising administering to thesubject an effective amount of a drug product as described herein. Insome embodiments, the fatty liver disease is AFL, ASH, NAFL, NASH,NASH-associated liver fibrosis or ASH-associated liver fibrosis. In someembodiments, the fatty liver disease is alcoholic fatty liver (AFL). Insome embodiments, the fatty liver disease is alcoholic steatohepatitis(ASH). In some embodiments, the fatty liver disease is non-alcoholicfatty liver (NAFL). In some embodiments, the fatty liver disease isnon-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). In some embodiments, the fattyliver disease is NASH-associated liver fibrosis. In some embodiments,the fatty liver disease is ASH-associated liver fibrosis.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method fortreating choline deficiency in a subject, comprising administering tothe subject an effective amount of a composition or drug product asdescribed herein. In some embodiments, the present invention provides amethod for treating choline deficiency in a subject, comprisingadministering to the subject an effective amount of a composition asdescribed herein. In some embodiments, the present invention provides amethod for treating choline deficiency in a subject, comprisingadministering to the subject an effective amount of a drug product asdescribed herein.

In some embodiments, the method for treating choline deficiency in asubject further comprises providing parenteral support or parenteralnutrition to the subject. In some embodiments, the method for treatingcholine deficiency in a subject further comprises providing parenteralsupport to the subject. In some embodiments, the method for treatingcholine deficiency in a subject further comprises providing parenteralnutrition to a subject.

In some embodiments, the choline deficiency in a subject is associatedwith liver cholestasis or liver steatosis. In some embodiments, thecholine deficiency in a subject is associated with liver cholestasis. Insome embodiments, the choline deficiency in a subject is associated withliver steatosis. In some embodiments, the choline deficiency in asubject is associated with intestinal failure associated liver disease(IFALD). In some embodiments, the choline deficiency in a subject isassociated with a fatty liver disease. In some embodiments, the cholinedeficiency in a subject is associated with a fatty liver disease,wherein the fatty liver disease is AFL, ASH, NAFL, NASH, NASH-associatedliver fibrosis or ASH-associated liver fibrosis. In some embodiments,the choline deficiency in a subject is associated with a fatty liverdisease, wherein the fatty liver disease is AFL. In some embodiments,the choline deficiency in a subject is associated with a fatty liverdisease, wherein the fatty liver disease is ASH. In some embodiments,the choline deficiency in a subject is associated with a fatty liverdisease, wherein the fatty liver disease is NAFL. In some embodiments,the choline deficiency in a subject is associated with a fatty liverdisease, wherein the fatty liver disease is NASH. In some embodiments,the choline deficiency in a subject is associated with a fatty liverdisease, wherein the fatty liver disease is NASH-associated liverfibrosis. In some embodiments, the choline deficiency in a subject isassociated with a fatty liver disease, wherein the fatty liver diseaseis ASH-associated liver fibrosis.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method ofsynthesizing choline chloride comprising introducing gaseoustrimethylamine into a hydrogenator, under pressure, with2-chloroethanol, in the presence of pure ethanol and methyl-tert-butylether, wherein the process is a non-continuous process.

In some embodiments, the choline chloride is produced in >99% purity. Insome embodiments, the choline chloride is produced in >99.5% purity. Insome embodiments, the choline chloride is produced in >99.8% purity.

In some embodiments, the choline chloride is produced with substantiallyno detectable 2-chloroethanol. In some embodiments, the choline chlorideis produced with substantially no detectable aluminum. In someembodiments, the choline chloride is produced with ≤0.05 ug/g ofaluminum. In some embodiments, the choline chloride is produced with≤0.1% wt:wt of trimethylamine.

Abbreviations

The following abbreviations are used in the examples, while otherabbreviations have their customary meaning in the art:

-   -   MTBE: methyl tert-butyl ether    -   WFI: water for injection    -   g: gram    -   L: liter    -   mL: milliliter    -   mol: mole    -   min: minutes    -   h or hr: hour(s)    -   M: mol/L or “molar”    -   ° C.: degrees Celsius    -   CFU: colony forming unit    -   TNTC: too numerous to count    -   kGy: kilo Gray    -   USP: United States Pharmacopeia    -   RH: relative humidity    -   VLDL: very-low-density lipoprotein    -   PC: phosphatidylcholine    -   PEMT: phosphatidylethanolamine methyltransferase    -   DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid    -   MRI: magnetic resonance imaging    -   IF: intestinal failure    -   PN: parenteral nutrition    -   IFALD: intestinal failure associated liver disease    -   IV: intravenous    -   ESLD: end stage liver disease    -   PNALD: PN associated liver disease    -   NAFL: non-alcoholic fatty liver    -   AFL: alcoholic fatty liver    -   NASH: non-alcoholic steatohepatitis    -   ASH: alcoholic steatohepatitis    -   DC: delamination controlled    -   TSB: tryptic soy broth    -   TSA: tryptic soy agar    -   NLT: not less than    -   NMT: not more than    -   RRT: relative retention time    -   RH: relative humidity    -   HIAC: high accuracy    -   LC: liquid chromatography    -   TS: terminal sterilization    -   API: active pharmaceutical ingredient    -   FTIR: fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy    -   GC-MS: gas chromatography-mass spectrometry    -   ICP-MS: inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry    -   IC: ion chromatography    -   QL: quantitation limit

EXAMPLES

Embodiments of the invention are further illustrated by the followingexamples. The examples below are non-limiting are merely representativeof various aspects of embodiments of the invention.

Example 1 Preparation of Choline Salt Compositions

Choline chloride (500 g) is combined with WFI, the choline chloride isdissolved, and the total volume is brought up to 1 L, resulting in acholine chloride 50% (w/v) in WFI.

Example 2 Sterilization of Choline Salt Compositions by Ionic Strength

Most single celled organisms maintain a normal ionic strength insidetheir cell of about 0.3 M. Bacteria in any medium that is higher than0.3 M in ionic strength will pull water from inside the bacteria untilboth the inside and outside are equal. Bacteria cannot survive normallywith little to no water inside their cell membrane. Thus, ionic strengthmay be used as a method of reducing the population of bacteria in amedium, thereby sterilizing that medium. Here, the ionic strength of thecholine chloride 50% (w/v) in WFI is approximately 7M, which likelyimparts bactericidal effects. However, the ionic strength of cholinechloride 50% (w/v) in WFI is not sufficient to sterilize againstorganisms such as G. stearothermophilus, B. pumilus, and S. aureous.Thus, other methods of sterilization such as heat and gamma irradiationwere investigated.

Example 3 Sterilization of Choline Salt Compositions by Heat

The D₁₂₁-value was determined for G. stearothermophilus spores suspendedin a 50% choline chloride composition. Vials containing choline chloride50% (w/v) in WFI were inoculated with 10⁶ spores of G.stearothermophilus per vial and sealed. Microbial assays were performedon the inoculated vials initially (initial population=1.3031×10⁶ spores)and upon completion of the study (final population=1.1813×10⁶ spores).These assays verified that the spore concentration in the vials wasstable for the duration of the study.

The D₁₂₁-value determination for G. stearothermophilus spores suspendedin 50% choline chloride composition was determined using sporepopulation data from unexposed vials and vials exposed for 30.0, 60.0,90.0, and 120.0 minutes. Vials were exposed at 121° C. in aJoslyn/Steris Sterilizer Corp. steam B.I.E.R. Population assays werethen performed to determine the spore populations in terms of colonyforming units (CFUs). Four replicate units were tested in the samedilution assay at each exposure time. Thus, plate counts listed beloware per assay (per four units), while the final population is listed asspores per one unit. Using the spore populations per vial correspondingto each exposure time (see, Table 1, numbers in bold used to calculatefinal populations with guidance from USP Section 55), a survivor curvewas created, and the D₁₂₁-value was calculated according to the SurvivorCurve Method (see, FIG. 1 ).

TABLE 1 CFU Count Data and Population Data for Exposures to CholineChloride Injection in Vials at 121° C. Exposure Time (minutes) 0.0 30.060.0 90.0 120.0 Dilution CFU Count per Plate 2 (1/50) — — — — TNTC TNTC232 229 73 87 1/50 — — TNTC TNTC TNTC TNTC 138 132 34 21 1/500 — — TNTCTNTC 112 162 10 11 — — 1/5,000 — — 97 147 10 11 — — — — 1/50,000 100 875 9 — — — — — — ½ (1/50,000) 53 62 — — — — — — — — Population 1.3031 ×10⁶ 1.5250 × 10⁵ 1.7125 × 10⁴ 1.5641 × 10³ 5.0000 × 10² per Vial

The stability of G. stearothermophilus spores suspended in CholineChloride Injection in vials was demonstrated. The final population wasgreater than 1.0×10⁶ spores/vial. The D₁₂₁-value of G.stearothermophilus spores suspended in choline chloride 50% (w/v) in WFIwas found to be 34.0 minutes. A D₁₂₁ value of 34 minutes would result ina sterilization cycle of over 7 hours. A 7-hour sterilization cycle mayresult in degradation or formation of degradants. As such, terminalsterilization with steam is not feasible.

Example 4 Gamma Irradiation of Choline Salt Compositions

Since sterilization by terminal sterilization is not feasible due tovery high D₁₂₁-value (˜34 minutes), the feasibility of gamma-irradiationfor sterilization of choline salt compositions was evaluated usingcholine chloride injection, 50 (w/v) in WFI. Analytical results of thegamma irradiation feasibility study are summarized in Table 2.

In brief, vials and glassware were heat treated to ensure sterility. Theinitial pH of Choline Chloride 50% (w/v) in WFI solution was determined.Spiked samples were prepared by inoculation with either G.stearothermophilus (10⁶ spores) or B. pumilus (10⁶ spores). Vials wereirradiated at a gamma dose of either 25-33 kGy (kilo Gray) or 45-59 kGy.Control vials were not exposed to gamma irradiation.

TABLE 2 Analytical Results for Gamma Irradiation feasibility IrradiatedSamples Gamma dose Gamma dose Control sample Attribute 25-33 kGy 45-59kGy (non-irradiated) Visual Clear, colorless Clear, colorless Clear,colorless Appearance solution free solution free solution free ofvisible of visible of visible particulates particulates particulatesAssay/Related Conforms Conforms Conforms Substances Assay, % LC 98.7 98.2  99.5  TMA 0.07 0.14 <0.05 (trimethylamine) % Unknown Impurity %n/a 0.05 n/a Total Impurities   0.07% 0.19 <0.05 pH ¹4.2, ²4.4 ¹3.9,²4.2 ¹7.1, ²6.2 ¹neat samples, ²1:10 diluted samples

The results in Table 2 indicate that a gamma irradiation dose of 45-59kGy generates higher impurities (both known and unknown) in the drugproduct as compared to control. A gamma irradiation dose of 25-33 kGygenerates slightly a higher percent of known impurity, triethylamine, inthe drug product as compared to control, but it is below identificationlimit for unknown impurities. Based on these results, it was determinedthat the optimal range is 25-33 kGy gamma dose for sterilization ofcholine chloride injection, 50% (w/v) in WFI.

Example 5 Sterilization of Choline Salt Compositions by GammaIrradiation

I. Gamma sterilization of G. stearothermophilus B. pumilus Gammairradiation was tested as a method of sterilization for a composition ofcholine chloride 50% (w/v) in WFI inoculated with either Geobacillusstearothermophilus (G. stearothermophilus) or Bacillus pumilus (B.pumilus). Vials containing the composition were inoculated with 0.1 mLof a G. stearothermophilus spore suspension which resulted in apopulation of 10⁶ CFU per vial. In this manner, separate vials wereinoculated with Bacillus pumilus (B. pumilus). Vials were sterilizedusing gamma irradiation using either 25-33 kGy or 45-59 kGy. Selectvials were left unexposed to be used as positive controls (see, Table4). All vials were then assayed to determine the spore populations interms of CFUs (see, Table 3). Additional vials were also used forvalidation of the population assay test (see, Table 5).

In brief, the sterilized vials were tested for sterility using afiltration method. After vortexing, the contents of each vial wasremoved using a sterile needle and syringe, and filtered through its ownfilter (e.g., a 0.2 or 0.45 m (micron) filter). Using the same needle,syringe, and filter per vial, the vials were then rinsed, vortexed, andthe contents were filtered as described above. The process was thenrepeated to ensure all residual product was removed from each vial.After filtration of the product and vial rinsate, each filter was thenrinsed and plated to tryptic soy agar (TSA). Test positive controls wereperformed for each organism type by rinsing a filter three times andspiking the last aliquot with 0.1 mL of the spore suspension used forinoculation. All plates were incubated according to the organism type,with G. stearothermophilus at 55-60° C. and B. pumilus at 30-35° C. forno less than 48 hours (see, Table 3).

TABLE 3 Exposed Test Samples - Sterility Testing Results Test Organism(Exposure (kGy)) Test Sample (CFU) B. pumilus (25-33 kGy) 0 B. pumilus(25-33 kGy) 0 B. pumilus (25-33 kGy) 0 B. pumilus (45-59 kGy) 0 B.pumilus (45-59 kGy) 0 B. pumilus (45-59 kGy) 0 G. stearothermophilus(25-33 kGy) 0 G. stearothermophilus (25-33 kGy) 0 G. stearothermophilus(25-33 kGy) 0 G. stearothermophilus (45-59 kGy) 0 G. stearothermophilus(45-59 kGy) 0 G. stearothermophilus (45-59 kGy) 0 Negative control(25-33 kGy) 0 Negative Control (45-59 kGy) 0 Positive Control TNTCPositive Control TNTC

Vials used for positive controls were tested for population and purityusing a pour plate method utilizing a serial dilution scheme (see, FIG.2 ). In brief, after vortexing the vial, 1 mL of each vial (i.e., vialcontaining choline chloride solution and either 10⁵ CFU/mL, 104 CFU/mL,10³ CFU/mL, or 10² CFU/mL) was removed using a sterile needle andsyringe, and transferred to a test tube containing 9 mL of sterilewater. The test tube was heat shocked (e.g., 95-100° C. for 15 minutesfor G. stearothermophilus and 65-75° C. for 15 minutes for B. pumilus).After heat shocking, each tube was cooled in an ice bath and vortexed.After cooling, 1 mL was transferred to a test tube containing 9 mL ofsterile water and vortexed (repeated twice). These dilutions producedconcentrations of 10³ CFU/mL, 10² CFU/mL, or 10¹ CFU/mL. 1 mL from the10² and 10¹ dilutions were plated into sterile petri dishes and 18 mL ofmelted TSA was poured into the petri dish and allowed to solidify. Theabove steps were completed for all three (3) positive control vials ofeach organism type. All plates were incubated according to the organismtype, with G. stearothermophilus at 55-60° C. and Bacillus pumilus at30-35° C. for no less than 48 hours. After incubation, plates were read,verified and reported for colonies as CFU/plate (see, Table 4).

TABLE 4 Population Assay for Unexposed Positive Control Vials TestOrganism (Exposure (kGy)) Test Sample (CFU) B. pumilus (10¹) 4 B.pumilus (10¹) 8 B. pumilus (10¹) 7 B. pumilus (10²) 56 B. pumilus (10²)64 B. pumilus (10²) 75 G. stearothermophilus (10¹) 2 G.stearothermophilus (10¹) 2 G. stearothermophilus (10¹) 4 G.stearothermophilus (10²) 28 G. stearothermophilus (10²) 25 G.stearothermophilus (10²) 37 Negative control 0 Negative Control 0

To challenge the population assay procedure, positive controls were run.Using a sterile needle and syringe, one (1) vial of product was spikedwith 0.1 mL of a G. stearothermophilus spore suspension. Thisinoculation resulted in a population of 10⁶ CFU in each vial. This aboveprocess was repeated using B. pumilus spore suspension. The processdescribed above for the population assay for unexposed positive controlvials was completed for both organism types. Results are documented inTable 5.

TABLE 5 Validation of Population Assay Test Test Organism (Exposure(kGy)) Test Sample (CFU) B. pumilus (10¹) 169 B. pumilus (10¹) 174 B.pumilus (10²) TNTC B. pumilus (10²) TNTC G. stearothermophilus (10¹) 22G. stearothermophilus (10¹) 21 G. stearothermophilus (10²) 213 G.stearothermophilus (10²) 183 Negative control 0 Negative Control 0

Vials exposed to gamma irradiation using either 25-33 kGy or 45-59 kGyshowed no growth of bacteria (CFUs=0 for all samples). These data showthe effectiveness of gamma irradiation as a sterilization method forcholine chloride 50% (w/v) in WFI compositions. The unexposed positivecontrol samples showed a lower population recovered than what wasinitially inoculated within the vials. Vials that were tested forvalidation of the population assay test resulted in lower CFUs thananticipated which could indicate that organisms while in solution coulddecrease over time with varying results/conditions. The population assayperformed on test controls showed much higher recoveries than thepositive control vials which indicates that the method used forinoculation was acceptable. All results indicate that, from amicrobiological perspective, gamma irradiation is an effectivesterilization method for choline chloride 50% (w/v) in WFI compositionsagainst organisms such as G. stearothermophilus and B. pumilus.

II. Gamma Sterilization of S. aureus

Gamma irradiation was tested as a method of sterilization for acomposition of choline chloride 50% (w/v) in WFI inoculated withStaphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). Vials (5 mL) containing thecomposition were inoculated with 0.1 mL of an S. aureus spore suspension(10⁹ CFU/mL). Vials were sterilized using gamma irradiation of 25-33kGy. Select vials were left unexposed to be used as positive controls.All vials were then assayed to determine the spore populations in termsof CFUs (see, Table 7). Additional vials were also used for validationof the population assay test (see, Table 6).

Microbial retention was determined as follows. In brief, a stocksolution of S. aureus was made using 10-100 CFU of organism into 15 mLof tryptic soy broth (TSB) and incubated for approximately 72 hours at30-35° C., creating a culture of approximately 10⁹ CFU/mL (approximatedusing a number 4 McFarland Standard). A dilutions series of the stockculture was made in duplicate to test for population verification byplating 10³ and 10² dilutions in duplicate to TSA and incubated at30-35° C. for no more than 24 hours. 5 mL product vials were spiked with0.1 mL of the prepared stock culture. Serial dilutions of the spikedproduct vials were also made in duplicate using 0.1 mL of the spikedproduct into 9.9 mL of sterile water, then 1 mL of that dilution into 9mL of sterile water. Both dilutions were plated in duplicate using 0.1mL to TSA and incubated at 30-35° C. for no more than 24 hours. Serialdilutions of the same spiked product vials were tested as above in timeincrements of 24 hours, 72 hours, and 7 days. Microbial retentionresults can be seen in Table 6.

TABLE 6 Microbial Retention Results 1^(st) Dilution 2^(nd) DilutionSample (10³) CFU (10²) CFU Stock Culture (T: 0 hr) TNTC/TNTC 300/100Product Dilution (T: 0 hr) TNTC/TNTC 430/480 Product Dilution (T: 24 hr)TNTC/TNTC 430/440 Product Dilution (T: 72 hr) TNTC/TNTC 490/550 ProductDilution (T: 7 day) TNTC/TNTC 255/266

Sterility results for S. aureus were obtained as follows. A stockculture of Staphylococcus aureus was made using 10-100 CFU of organisminto 15 mL of TSB and incubated for approximately 72 hours in 30-35° C.,creating a culture of approximately 10⁹ CFU/mL (approximated using anumber 4 McFarland Standard). A dilution series of the stock culture wasmade in duplicate to test for population verification by plating 10³ and10² dilutions in duplicate to TSA and incubated at 30-35° C. for no morethan 24 hours. Three 5 mL product vials were spiked with 0.1 mL of theprepared stock culture. Two additional product vials were spiked with0.1 mL of the stock culture to serve as positive controls. Two vialsremained without inoculation to serve as negative controls. These vialswere sterilized using gamma irradiation of 25-33 kGy (positive andnegative controls remained unexposed). Post sterilization, the threeexposed vials as well as the negative controls were tested using afiltration method. The contents of each vial were separately filteredthrough a 0.45 μm MCE filter. The vial was rinsed and filtered alongwith the remaining rinsate in three approximate 100 mL aliquots. Thefilter was plated to TSA and incubated at 30-35° C. for 5 days. Serialdilutions of the spiked product vials used for positive controls weremade in duplicate using 0.1 mL of the spiked product into 9.9 mL ofsterile water, then 1 mL of that dilution into 9 mL of sterile water,which was repeated three times. The final 3 dilutions were plated induplicate using 0.1 mL to TSA and incubated at 30-35° C. for 5 days.Sterility results for S. aureus are shown in Table 7.

TABLE 7 Determination of Sterility Results S. aureus Test Organism(Exposure (kGy)) Test Sample (CFU) Stock Culture 1^(st) (10{circumflexover ( )}3) Dilution TNTC/TNTC Stock Culture 2^(nd) (10{circumflex over( )}2) Dilution 132/108 Positive Control 1 - 10{circumflex over ( )}20/0 Positive Control 2 - 10{circumflex over ( )}2 0/0 Positive Control1 - 10{circumflex over ( )}3 0/1 Positive Control 2 - 10{circumflex over( )}3 0/2 Positive Control 1 - 10{circumflex over ( )}4 207/238 PositiveControl 2 - 10{circumflex over ( )}4 292/182 Negative Control 1 0Negative Control 2 0 Product Vial 1 0 Product Vial 2 0 Product Vial 3 0

The population verifications for both stock culture inoculums used forthe microbial retention and determination of sterility studies confirmthe correct reported populations. Inoculated product vials were able toshow microbial retention over an extended period of time with minimaldecrease in population. The microbial retention study showed a zero logreduction over a weeks' time, whereas the positive controls tested fromthe determination of sterility study showed a two-three log reductionover >5 weeks between inoculation and testing. The terminalsterilization utilizing gamma irradiation is proven effective by resultsof 0 CFU recoveries in all three exposed product vials. The resultsindicate that, from a microbiological perspective, gamma irradiation isan effective sterilization method for choline chloride 5000 (w/v) in WFIcompositions against organisms such as S. aureus. The combination ofhigh ionic strength and gamma irradiation has been shown to be veryeffective for sterilization of choline chloride aqueous compositions.

Example 6 Forced Degradation of Choline Chloride

Choline chloride was exposed to stress conditions as shown in Table 8.

TABLE 8 Treatments for Forced Degradation Study Treatment ConditionsControl No treatment Acid 1 1N HCl for about 72 hours, ambient Acid 20.1N HCl for about 72 hours, ambient Base 1 1N NaOH for about 72 hours,ambient Base 2 0.1N NaOH for about 72 hours, ambient Oxidation 5% H₂O₂for about 24 hours, ambient Light, dry Stored in Alcami Light Bank 3, orequivalent (about 7.2 kilolux Visible and 1 W/m²UV) for about 120 hoursLight, wet In the presence of water Stored in Alcami Light Bank 3, orequivalent (about 7.2 kilolux Visible and 1 W/m²UV) for about 120 hoursHeat, dry 80° for about 72 hours Heat, wet In the presence of water 80°for about 72 hours

Each forced degradation solution was prepared by transferring 25 mg ofthe choline chloride into a 100 mL volumetric flask followed by exposureto the appropriate condition. At the end of the treatment, the acid andbase treated samples were neutralized with an equivalent amount ofhydrochloric acid or sodium hydroxide. After equilibration to roomtemperature, each degradation sample was prepared according to the testmethod. The treated sample preparations along with the control wereanalyzed (single injection) according to the method, except the run timewas extended to allow for potential late-eluting degradation peaks. Massbalance was examined for each treatment.

The results of the forced degradation study are shown in Table 9. Themethod was capable of separating known (trimethylamine) and unknowndegradation products in the presence of acid, base, oxidation, light,and heat to the extent that they could accurately be quantified. Twounknown impurities were observed in the oxidation stressed samples (RRT0.75 and 0.78 at approximately 0.3% each) and one unknown (RRT 1.42/1.44at 0.14%) was observed in the acid and base stressed sample.Chromatographic resolution between the active and the closest-elutingpeak (if present at a level of 0.05%) was not less than (NLT) 1.2 anddegradation peaks 0.05% were resolved from each other and from cholinechloride to the extent that they could be quantified (target resolutionNLT 1.2). Additionally, the chromatography showed acceptable massbalance for all stressed conditions. Choline chloride showed goodstability at all stressed conditions, where no significant degradationwas observed when exposed to the maximum stress conditions. As such, nosignificant degradation of choline chloride is expected under theconditions of sterilization via gamma irradiation as described inExample 5.

TABLE 9 Forced Degradation-% LC and % Impurities Acid Acid Base BaseHeat Heat Light Light Result Description Control 1 2 1 2 Oxidation (dry)(wet) (dry) (wet) Assay % LC 98.7 99.1 98.9 99.3 100.8 99.4 99.2 99.499.7 98.9 % Relative — 100.4 100.2 100.6 102.1 100.7 100.5 100.7 101.0100.2 to control % Trimethylamine — — — — — — — — — — Impurities RRT0.75 — — — — — 0.28 — — — — RRT 0.78 — — — — — 0.27 — — — — RRT1.42/1.44 — 0.14 — 0.14 — — — — — — Total — 0.14 — 0.14 — 0.55 — — — —Impurities Mass Assay + 98.7 99.24 98.9 99.44 100.8 99.95 99.2 99.4 99.798.9 Balance Impurities % Relative to — 100.5 100.2 100.7 102.1 101.3100.5 100.7 101.0 100.2 Control Resolution Choline — 4.5 4.6 3.6 4.6 3.27.8 7.8 7.9 7.9 Chloride Trimethylamine — — — — — — — — — —

Example 7 Stability of Choline Salt Compositions

Choline Chloride Solution 50% (w/v) in WFI was prepared and transferredto either Type I glass tubular vials or delamination controlled (DC)vials and stored for 6 months under either 25° C./60% relative humidity(RH) or 40° C./75% RH storage conditions to evaluate stability. Data forthe 3 month stability results are summarized in Tables 10-13. Theresults indicate acceptable stability of the drug product at both thestorage conditions, viz. 25° C./60% RH and 40° C./75%₀ RH.

TABLE 10 Stability Data Type I glass tubular vials at 25° C./60% RHSample Acceptance Criteria 0 month 1 month 2 month 3 month Visual Clear,colorless Conforms Conforms Conforms Conforms Appearance solution freeof visible particulates pH Report Results 5.7 6.2 6.2 6.2 Assay % LC90.0%-110.0% LC 98.1 99.5  99.4  99.5 Related Report Results <0.05 <0.05<0.05 <0.05 Substance % Trimethylamine (% Total Unknown Impurities <0.05Not Not Not impurities) (RRT/%) reported reported reported % TotalImpurities <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 Particulate particles ≥10 μm 10 NotNot 2 matter particles ≥25 μm 0 Scheduled Scheduled 0 (HIAC) OsmolalityReport results *645 Not Not Not (mOsm/kg) Scheduled Scheduled Scheduled

TABLE 11 Stability Data Type I glass tubular vials at 40° C./75% RHSample Acceptance Criteria 0 month 1 month 2 month 3 month Visual Clear,colorless Conforms Conforms Conforms Conforms Appearance solution freeof visible particulates pH Report Results 5.7 6.2 6.0 6.8 Assay % LC90.0%-110.0% LC 98.1 99.7  99.5  99.6 Related Report Results <0.05 <0.05<0.05 <0.05 Substance % Trimethylamine (% Total Unknown Impurities <0.05Not Not Not impurities) (RRT/%) reported reported reported % TotalImpurities <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 Particulate particles ≥10 μm 10 NotNot 1 matter particles ≥25 μm 0 Scheduled Scheduled 0 (HIAC) OsmolalityReport results *645 Not Not Not (mOsm/kg) Scheduled Scheduled Scheduled

TABLE 12 Stability Data DC vials at 25° C./60% RH Sample AcceptanceCriteria 0 month 1 month 2 month 3 month Visual Clear, colorlessConforms Conforms Conforms Conforms Appearance solution free of visibleparticulates pH Report Results 5.7 6.2 6.3 6.5 Assay % LC 90.0%-110.0%LC 98.9 99.5  99.4  99.9 Related Report Results <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05Substance % Trimethylamine (% Total Unknown Impurities <0.05 Not Not Notimpurities) (RRT/%) reported reported reported % Total Impurities <0.05<0.05 <0.05 <0.05 Particulate particles ≥10 μm 5 Not Not 2 matterparticles ≥25 μm 0 Scheduled Scheduled <1 (HIAC) Osmolality Reportresults *637 Not Not Not (mOsm/kg) Scheduled Scheduled Scheduled

TABLE 13 Stability Data DC vials at 40° C./75% RH Sample AcceptanceCriteria 0 month 1 month 2 month 3 month Visual Clear, colorlessConforms Conforms Conforms Conforms Appearance solution free of visibleparticulates pH Report Results 5.7 6.2 6.2 6.9 Assay % LC 90.0%-110.0%LC 98.9 99.7  99.6  99.4 Related Report Results <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05Substance % Trimethylamine (% Total Unknown Impurities <0.05 Not Not Notimpurities) (RRT/%) reported reported reported % Total Impurities <0.05<0.05 <0.05 <0.05 Particulate particles ≥10 μm 5 Not Not 3 matterparticles ≥25 μm 0 Scheduled Scheduled <1 (HIAC) Osmolality Reportresults *637 Not Not Not (mOsm/kg) Scheduled Scheduled Scheduled

Example 8 pH Study of Choline Salt Compositions

A pH study was conducted to evaluate the pH of Choline Chloride solutionafter terminal sterilization with heat. Choline chloride solution 500%w/v in WFI was prepared according to Example 1. Several vial types werealso evaluated including Schott Type I glass tubular vials, Schott TypeI plus glass vials, Schott Delamination Controlled (DC) glass vials andKimble Type I glass molded vials. In brief, choline chloride solution50% w/v in WFI (5.5 mL) was filled in each type of vial. Two filledvials of each type were retained as controls and the rest of the vialswere terminally sterilized at 121° C. for 45 minutes. 10% Cholinechloride active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) in water is therecommended USP method to determine the pH of choline chloride API.Therefore, 1:5 dilution of 50% choline chloride in WFI solution was alsoincluded in the pH study at each time point. At each time point,contents from 2 vials of each vial type were pooled togetherrespectively. 2 mL of the pooled solution was diluted with 8 mL WFI toprepare 1:5 dilution samples. The remaining 9 mL solution was tested for“as is” (no dilution) samples. For Before TS (Terminal Sterilization)samples, 2 retained vials from each vial type were kept at roomtemperature until the terminal sterilized samples were ready to betested. All the pH checks were performed then at the same time. At eachtime point, pH meter was calibrated with 4.0, 7.0 and 10.0 pH standards,and then the pH of samples were tested (see, Table 14). For each type ofvial, pH change over time is plotted in FIG. 3 and FIG. 4 . FIG. 3 plotsthe pH results for “As is” samples and FIG. 4 plots the pH results for“1:5 dilution” of choline chloride solution 50% w/v in WFI before andafter terminal sterilization by heat.

TABLE 14 pH Study Results pH Initial T = 2 week T = 4 week Bulk SolutionBefore TS* After TS* T = 1 week (If required) (it required) 1:5 1:5 1:51:5 1:5 1:5 Vials “as is” dilution “as is” dilution “as is” dilution “asis” dilution “as is” dilution “as is” dilution Type 1 5.7 6.7 6.2 6.66.7 6.8 7.1 7.2 7.3 6.7 7.4 7.4 glass tubular vials (control) Type 1 5.56.4 5.7 6.4 5.5 6.8 5.7 6.8 5.8 7.1 plus glass vials DC 5.9 6.6 6.5 6.86.7 7.0 6.9 6.9 6.9 6.8 glass vials Type 1 5.9 6.6 6.1 6.5 6.4 6.8 6.87.2 7.0 7.2 glass molded vials

Results show that the pH of the solution drifted upwards during thecourse of this study. As compared to the initial pH reading, solution pHin Type I plus vial did not drift as much and was stable for measuringpH for samples “as is” without dilution. Type I tubular vials, DC andMolded vials showed an initial pH drift upwards and then flattened atthe 4 week time point. As compared to “As is” pH results, 1:5 dilutionresults were higher for Type I Plus and Molded vials, and comparable forType I Tubular and DC vials respectively. pH results for 1:5 dilutionfor DC vials were stable as compared to other vial types.

Example 9 Methods of Treatment with Choline Salt Compositions

Choline salt compositions as described in Examples 1-7 may be used forthe treatment of choline deficiency in a subject related to liversteatosis and/or cholestasis. Choline salt compositions as described inExamples 1-7 may also be used for the treatment of choline deficiency ina subject related to Intestinal Failure Associated Liver Disease(IFALD), fatty liver disease (e.g., alcoholic fatty liver (AFL),alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH), non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL),non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), NASH-associated liver fibrosis, orASH-associated liver fibrosis). Choline salt compositions as describedin Examples 1-7 may be used as a component of parenteral support.Choline salt compositions as described in Examples 1-7 may also be usedas a component of parenteral nutrition.

Example 10 Synthesis of Choline Chloride

Choline chloride was synthesized by combining gaseous trimethylamine ina hydrogenator under pressure with 2-chloroethanol in the presence ofethanol and methyl-tertiary-butyl ether.

Example 11 Analysis of Choline Chloride

Choline chloride as synthesized in Example 10 was subjected to analysis.The results for two different batches of choline chloride are found inTable 15. Both batches were analyzed three months post production.

TABLE 15 Analysis of Choline Chloride Test Specification Batch 1 ResultsBatch 2 Results Appearance white to off-white Off-white solid Whitesolid solid ID by FTIR The IR absorption IR absorption IR absorptionspectrum of the spectrum of the spectrum of the preparation of thepreparation of the preparation of the test specimen test specimen testspecimen exhibits maxima exhibits maxima exhibits maxima only at thesame only at the same only at the same wavelengths as that wavelengthsas that wavelengths as that of a similar of a similar of a similarpreparation of the preparation of the preparation of the correspondingUSP corresponding USP corresponding USP reference standard referencestandard reference standard ID by RT The retention time RT of choline RTof choline of the choline chloride sample chloride sample chloride inthe solution is solution is sample solution must within ±2.0% within±2.0% be within ±2.0% average RT of average RT of of the average cholinechloride choline chloride retention time of in bracketing in bracketingcholine chloride in standard solution standard solution the bracketingstandard solution Water Content by NMT 0.5% 0.2% (0.23%) <0.1% KF(<0.05%)Residue NMT 0.05% 0.01% 0.00% on Ignition pH(1 in 10 Between4.0-7.0 Not Determined 5.9 solution) in solution Assay by HPLC99.0-100.5% on the 99.5% 99.8% anhydrous basis Total Impurities Total≤2.0% <0.05% <0.1%(<0.05%) by HPLC Specified Impurities Individual<0.05% <0.1%(<0.05%) by HPLC Specified ≤0.3% Individual None DetectedNone Detected Unknown ≤0.10% Chloride Counter 24.1-26.7% w/w 25.5% 25.1%Ion Content by IC Residual Solvents Ethanol - <QL 778 ppm by GC-MS NMT5000 ppm MTBE - <QL <QL NMT 5000 ppm Residual NMT 0.75 ppm <QL <QL(0.19ppm) Chloroethanol by GC-MS Limit Limit Limit Element (ug/g) (ug/g)(ug/g) Elemental Cd 0.2 <0.05 <0.05 Impurities Pb 0.5 <0.125 <0.125 byICP-MS As 1.5 <0.375 <0.375 Hg 0.3 <0.075 <0.075 Co 0.5 <0.125 <0.125 V1 <0.25 <0.25 Ni 2 <0.5 <0.5 Li 25 <6.25 <6.25 Sb 9 <2.25 <2.25 Cu 30<7.5 <7.5 Al 0.2 0.05 0.05 Bacterial NMT 5.7 EU/mg <0.1 EU/mg <0.1 EU/mgEndotoxins Microbial Total Aerobic <10 CFU/g <10 CFU/g EnumerationMicrobial Count (TAMC) - NMT 1000 CFU/g Total Yeast and <10 CFU/g <10CFU/g Mold Count (TYMC) - NMT 100 CFU/g

Results of the choline chloride analysis show that both batches wereproduced in high purity (99.5% and 99.8%, respectively). The amount ofresidual chloroethanol was below the quantitation limit (QL).Additionally, the amount of aluminum found was ≤0.05 ug/g of cholinechloride.

The various embodiments described above can be combined to providefurther embodiments. All of the U.S. patents, U.S. patent applicationpublications, U.S. patent applications, foreign patents, foreign patentapplications and non-patent publications referred to in thisspecification and/or listed in the Application Data Sheet, areincorporated herein by reference, in their entirety. Aspects of theembodiments can be modified, if necessary to employ concepts of thevarious patents, applications and publications to provide yet furtherembodiments.

These and other changes can be made to the embodiments in light of theabove-detailed description. In general, in the following claims, theterms used should not be construed to limit the claims to the specificembodiments disclosed in the specification and the claims, but should beconstrued to include all possible embodiments along with the full scopeof equivalents to which such claims are entitled. Accordingly, theclaims are not limited by the disclosure.

1-24. (canceled)
 25. A method for treating choline deficiency in asubject in need thereof comprising administering to the subject byintravenous injection an effective amount of a sterile compositioncomprising choline chloride in an aqueous medium, wherein the cholinechloride is present in the composition at a level of 25-75% cholinechloride by weight/volume %, and wherein the composition: has beensterilized by gamma irradiation at a dose of at least 20 kGy; has asterility assurance level of at least 10⁻⁶; contains less than 10⁻¹CFU/mL of S. aureus, G. stearothermophilus, and/or B. pumilus; does notcontain a preservative; contains a preservative; contains at least oneamino acid, at least one vitamin, and/or at least one fatty acid; has anionic strength of 0.3-7 Molar; has an ionic strength of about 7 Molar;or has a pH of about 4-7.
 26. The method of claim 25, further comprisingproviding parenteral support or parenteral nutrition to the subject. 27.The method of claim 25, wherein the choline deficiency is associatedwith liver cholestasis or liver steatosis.
 28. The method of claim 25,wherein the choline deficiency is associated with intestinal failureassociated liver disease (IFALD).
 29. The method of claim 25, whereinthe choline deficiency is associated with a fatty liver disease.
 30. Themethod of claim 29, wherein the fatty liver disease is AFL, ASH, NAFL,NASH, NASH-associated liver fibrosis or ASH-associated liver fibrosis.31. The method of claim 25, wherein the composition contains 50% cholinechloride by weight/volume %.
 32. The method of claim 25, wherein theaqueous medium is water for injection.
 33. The method of claim 25,wherein the composition has been sterilized by gamma irradiation at adose of at least 20 kGy.
 34. The method of claim 25, wherein thecomposition has been sterilized by gamma irradiation at a dose of 25-33kGy.
 35. The method of claim 25, wherein the composition has a sterilityassurance level of at least 10⁻⁶.
 36. The method of claim 25, whereinthe composition contains less than 10⁻¹ CFU/mL of S. aureus, G.stearothermophilus, and/or B. pumilus.
 37. The method of claim 25,wherein the composition does not contain a preservative.
 38. The methodof claim 25, wherein the composition contains a preservative.
 39. Themethod of claim 25, wherein the composition contains at least one aminoacid, at least one vitamin, and/or at least one fatty acid.
 40. Themethod of claim 25, wherein the composition contains a pharmaceuticallyacceptable carrier, diluent, or excipient.
 41. The method of claim 25,wherein the composition has an ionic strength of 0.3-7 Molar.
 42. Themethod of claim 25, wherein the composition has an ionic strength ofabout 7 Molar.
 43. The method of claim 25, wherein the composition has apH of about 4-7.
 44. The method of claim 25, wherein the composition isadministered by indirect injection.
 45. The method of claim 25, whereinthe composition is administered by direct injection.
 46. A method fortreating choline deficiency in a subject in need thereof, comprisingadministering to the subject by intravenous injection an effectiveamount of a sterile composition comprising choline chloride in anaqueous medium, wherein the choline chloride is present in thecomposition at a level of 25-75% choline chloride by weight/volume %,and wherein the composition has been sterilized by gamma irradiation ata dose of at least 20 kGy.
 47. The method of claim 46, furthercomprising providing parenteral support or parenteral nutrition to thesubject.
 48. The method of claim 46, wherein the choline deficiency isassociated with liver cholestasis or liver steatosis.
 49. The method ofclaim 46, wherein the choline deficiency is associated with intestinalfailure associated liver disease (IFALD).
 50. The method of claim 46,wherein the choline deficiency is associated with a fatty liver disease.51. The method of claim 46, wherein the fatty liver disease is AFL, ASH,NAFL, NASH, NASH-associated liver fibrosis or ASH-associated liverfibrosis.
 52. The method of claim 46, wherein the composition contains50% choline chloride by weight/volume %.
 53. The method of claim 46,wherein the composition has been sterilized by gamma irradiation at adose of 25-33 kGy.
 54. The method of claim 46, wherein the compositionhas a sterility assurance level of at least 10⁻⁶.
 55. The method ofclaim 46, wherein the composition contains less than 10⁻¹ CFU/mL of S.aureus, G. stearothermophilus and/or B. pumilus.